Search
Radon transform is a transform that is used for example in computed tomography. Revise the equations describing the Radon transform in Radon transform equations.
In the previous lab we used the Radon transform in a continuous space and we discretized the equation in order to apply it to digital images. Another form of the Radon transform for digital images is in Equation 1. This form is more suitable for the reconstruction of a sinogram by ART.
$$ J(p,\theta) = R[f(x,y)] = \sum_q f(x',y') \cdot h \approx \sum_q \sum_{x,y} f(x,y) \cdot \zeta (x,y,q,p,\theta) ~~~~~~~~~ (1) $$
The function $\zeta$ is defined as
$$ \zeta (x,y,q,p,\theta) = \begin{cases} 1 & x = \textrm{round}(x') \\ & y = \textrm{round}(y') \\ 0 & \textrm{otherwise} \end{cases} ~~~~~~~~~ (2) $$
where $x′,y′$ are the computed coordinates in the original image for an angle of rotation $\theta$ and the coordinates $p, q$ are given by
$$ x'=p\cos\theta-q\sin\theta ~~~~;~~~~ y'=p\sin\theta+q\cos\theta ~~~~~~~~~ (3) $$
and where $q=ih$ for $i \in \mathbb{Z}$ and $q$ is from interval $q \in [ -\frac{\sqrt{2}N}{2}; \frac{\sqrt{2}N}{2} ]$ (assuming $h = 1$ for simplicity) for an image of size $N \times N$ . Equation 3 describes the relationship between the $x,y$ coordinates in the original image and the rotated coordinates $p,q$.
Slides from lecture (slides 18+ deal with ART). A more detailed description is in an article [1] or in Chapter Chapter 7 of Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging.
Algebraic reconstruction technique works by iteratively applying corrections to the pixels in the reconstructed image so to minimize the difference between the original sinogram and the sinogram of the reconstructed image.
First, we choose an initial estimate of the reconstructed image or just initialize the reconstructed image with zeros $f_0(x, y) = 0$ of size $N \times N$ pixels. Then in each iteration of the algorithm we update the reconstructed image for each $(p, \theta)$ as follows:
Update the reconstructed image by adding the average error for each q in the projection $(p, \theta)$ $$ f_{k+1} (x,y) = f_k (x,y) + \sum_{p,q,\theta} \zeta (x,y,q,p,\theta) \cdot \frac{J(p,\theta)−\hat{J}(p,\theta)}{w(p,\theta)} ~~~~~~~~~ (5) $$ the weight function $w$ for image of ones is defined as $$ w(p,\theta) = R[1] (p,\theta) = N_q (p,\theta) \cdot h ~~~~~~~~~ (6) $$ where $N_q$ is the number of valid values for q for given projection $(p, \theta)$. Efficient implementation can use different formulation $$ \forall q: ~~~~ f(x,y) \leftarrow f(x,y) + \frac{J(p,\theta)−\hat{J}(p,\theta)}{w(p,\theta)} ~~~~~~~~~ (7) $$
The learning rate is a tuning parameter that controls the step size in the iterative update of the image reconstruction. The updated formula with thelearning rate $\alpha$ is the following: $$ \forall q: ~~~~ f(x,y) \leftarrow f(x,y) + \alpha \cdot \frac{J(p,\theta)−\hat{J}(p,\theta)}{w(p,\theta)} ~~~~~~~~~ (8) $$ increasing learning rate $ \alpha > 1 $ leads to faster converge, but the algorithm may skip the optimal value and oscillate around it or even become unstable. Decreasing learning rate $0 > \alpha < 1$ leads to slower convergence.
The update rule in the form presented in Equation (7) is the Simple ART algorithm. A simple modification of the update rule called the Gordon ART (see [1]) can yield an algorithm with a slightly slower rate of convergence, but more stable and more precise. For Gordon ART consider the update rule in the from:$$\forall q: ~~~~ f(x,y) \leftarrow f(x,y) + \frac{J(p,\theta)−\hat{J}(p,\theta)}{w(p,\theta)^2} ~~~~~~~~~ (9)$$
For this exercise we will use data from download here. The archive contains both images (imageCT) and sinograms (rawCT); the phantom dataset contains two additional files with added noise.
imageCT
rawCT
HW 1.1 [0.5 pt] Visualize the weight function for the reconstruction of the image phantom. The weight function is a sinogram $R[f^*(p,q)]$ of an image of the same size as the coordinate system of the reconstructed image $f^*(p, q) = 1; \forall p, q$, where all the pixel values are 1, see Equation (6). Note that the weights are computed in the larger auxiliary coordinate system of $(p, q)$ and not in the coordinate system of the image to be reconstructed $(x,y)$. Visualize the weights and put the image into the report.
phantom
HW 1.2 [1 pt] Implement function image=myARTiter(radonim,theta,nIter) which will perform nIter iterations of algebraic reconstruction technique of the measured sinogram radonim $[m \times N_\theta]$ for projection angles theta $[1 \times N_\theta]$.
image=myARTiter(radonim,theta,nIter)
nIter
radonim
theta
Submit your implementation of the myARTiter alongside the report.
myARTiter
NaN
HW 1.3 [1.5 pts] Reconstruct images from sinograms phantom, phantom_noise1 and head2 using algebraic reconstruction technique (ART). Put the reconstructed images after 1, 10 and 100 iterations of the algorithm for each sinogram into the report.
phantom_noise1
head2
HW 1.4 [1 pt] Estimate the reconstruction errors of the ART as the sum of squared differences (SSD) between the original images and the reconstructed images. $$ SSD = \sum_{\forall x} \sum_{\forall y} (\hat{f}(x,y) - f(x,y))^2 ~~~~~~~~~ (9) $$ where $f(x,y)$ is the original image and $\hat{f}(x,y)$ is the reconstructed image. Visualize the relationship between the reconstruction error and the number of iterations of the ART used for the reconstruction.
HW 1.5 [1 pt] Reconstruct the sinograms also with the naïve backprojection and filtered backprojection (use the methods from the previous lab). Estimate the reconstruction error between the original image and the reconstructed image using SSD and compare the results to the ART-reconstructed images.
BONUS 1.6 [1pt] For the ART and the filtered backprojection examine the relationship between the reconstruction error (SSD) and the magnitude of the added Gaussian noise (sinograms phantom_noise1.mat, phantom_noise2.mat and phantom_noise4.mat) and the number of projection angles (see bonus exercise in the previous lab).
phantom_noise1.mat
phantom_noise2.mat
phantom_noise4.mat
[1] P.M.V. Subbarao, P. Munshi, and K. Muralidhar. Performance of iterative tomographic algorithms applied to non-destructive evaluation with limited data. NDT and E International, 30(6):359 – 370, 1997. PDF