6. Pipeline and Hazards

• for lecturer: tutorial 6

1. Fibonacci sequence
2. Transcription C code to assembler
3. Simulation and debugging for processor without pipeline (Mips simulator).
4. Simulation and debugging for processor with pipeline (MipsPipeS simulator).

1. To understand the lecture about pipeline and hazards.

.globl _start

.option norelax

.text
_start:

main:

    addi  x2,  x0, 10
    add   x11, x0, x2   // A : x11<-x2
    add   x12, x0, x2   // B : x12<-x2
    add   x13, x0, x2   // C : x13<-x2

la_auipc_inst_addr:
    la x5, varx  // $5 = (byte*) &varx; 
    // The macro-instruction la is compiled as two following instructions:
    //auipc x5, %pcrel_hi(varx) // load the upper part of address
    //addi  x5, x5, %pcrel_lo(la_auipc_inst_addr) // append the lower part of address
    // they compute and load address as relative to the PC, absolute load address alternative
    //lui   x5, %hi(varx) // load the upper part of address
    //addi  x5, x5, %lo(varx) // append the lower part of address
    // It can be replaced by simple single addi if varx is located lower than 0x800
    //addi  x5,  x0, varx

    lw    x1, 0(x5)     // x1 = *((int*)$5);
    add   x15, x0, x1   // D : x15<-x1
    add   x16, x0, x1   // E : x16<-x1
    add   x17, x0, x1   // F : x17<-x1
loop:
    ebreak
    beq    x0, x0, loop
    nop

.data
.org 0x400
varx:
	.word  0x1234

Trace program step by step:

1. the first, on CPU with disabled pipeline,
2. then activate pipeline but left hazard unit switched off. Propose rules to execute program expected way.
3. Execute program on CPU with hazard unit with and without forwarding.

Remark. Data and instruction cache are not important, both can be disabled.

Observe and analyze not only results stored in registers but even possible stall states and control signals if hazard unit is activated.

• When are instructions A, B, C, D, E and F results computed and stored into registers and when are results correct/respect instructions program order?
• Mow many cycles are required to execute whole program?

Number of required cycles can be read in bottom right corner of CPU window.

Question to analyze: If QtRVSim requires more cycles to execute program when pipeline is enabled than if executed without pipeline, does it mean that pipelined processor is generally slower?

Design enhancement: Try to modify program to better utilize pipelined execution. Is it possible to decrease number of stalls or even achieve state when it can be executed with expected results if hazard unit is switched off?

Write a code for calculation of N-th Fibonacci number (for N > 2). Fibonacci sequence is defined as follows:

F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2), for n > 2, and F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1.

Here is the first few numbers in the Fibonacci sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144,…

In your program you may use following instructions:

Possible solution in C:

t0 = 5;  //  Set value of N
s0 = 0;  //  F(0)
s1 = 1;  //  F(1)
 
for(t1 = 2; t1 <= t0; t1++)
{
        t2 = s0 + s1;
        s0 = s1;
        s1 = t2;
}
 
while(1)
        ;   // Endless loop

Template:

.globl start

.option norelax

start:
// Here, there is the place for your code

nop
.end start

Debug your code for Mips simulator and then make your code work in MipsPipeS simulator.

Compile your code with this pseudoinstruction, try to execute your code in the QtRVSim simulator without pipeline and observe the differences. Modify your code for the pipelined version of processor with hazard unit disabled in such way, that it will produce the same value as on processor without pipeline.

Try to find out rules for the compiler, with which the compiler will produce the program without data and control hazards - program will have the same results as in Mips simulator (without pipeline).

Modify your code to write the result (F(N) + 15) to memory on address 0x02 (using sw instruction) and then read the value back into a register (using lw instruction). Execute your program in MipsPipeS and MipsPipeXL simulators. Observe the execution closely, namely the sw and lw instructions.

• Find out how the add instruction is executed.
• Find out how the addi instruction is executed.
• Find out how the lw instruction is executed.
• Find out how the sw instruction is executed.
• How many clocks does it take to find out the branch target address? And how I will find it out? (instructions beq a bne)