====== Medical Imaging course exam topics ======

This is a version for summer 2023. Besides the topics mentioned below, you should also know the topics explained in the laboratory sessions. I might also ask you to do simple calculations using mathematical formulas that we talked about. 

  - Microscopy, its properties and applications. Optics basics - reflection, refraction, diffraction, point spread function, thin lens, numerical apperture. Microscopy construction, objective, eyepiece, magnification, resolution. 3D microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, phase contrast, dark field. 
  - X-rays, spectrum, construction, generation, detection, interaction with tissue, attenuation, medical use, imaging properties, contrast agents.
  - Tomography imaging, principles and examples. Computer tomography, principles and construction. Beam hardening. Hounsfield units. Attenuation in inhomogeneous region. Radon transform, sinogram, central slice theorem, Reconstruction techniques - filtered backprojection, iterative methods. Fan-beam geometry. 3D CT imaging and reconstruction, spiral (helical) method, pitch. Clinical applications of CT.
  - Radiation dose, effective dose, radiation safety.
  - Ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound propagation, reflection, refraction, attenuation, propagation speed, scattering. Characteristic (specific) impedance, reflection. Ultrasound generation and detection. RF signal processing. Ultrasound image reconstruction, modes. Clinical applications.
  - Doppler principle, Doppler ultrasound imaging, continues and pulsed wave system, demodulation, limits on the maximum speed. Clinical applications.
  - Ultrasound contrast agents, harmonic imaging. 3D ultrasound.
  - Magnetic resonance imaging - principles and clinical use. Nuclear spin in magnetic field, Larmor frequency, magnetization, relaxation, excitation, precession, flip angle, time constants T1, T2, T2*. 
  - MRI excitation sequences (FID, spin echo, gradient echo, inversion recovery), time diagrams, properties and parameters (TE,TR). Signal intensity.
  - Slice selection, frequency and phase encoding, k-space, Fourier imaging and reconstruction. k-space sampling, field of view (FOV), aliasing. Spatial resolution. 
  - Fast MRI techniques (multislice MRI, fractional imaging, EPI), contrast, T1,T2,PD-weighed sequences. MRI hardware - superconductive magnet, coils. Safety.
  - Chemical shift in MRI, contrast agents, angiography,  flow imaging, diffussion MRI, tagged MRI, spectroscopy.
  - Functional brain MRI, BOLD effect, hemodynamic response, fMRI experiment design and evaluation  - linear model, statistical testing. Groupwise (Bonferroni) correction.
  - Radioactivity, radioactive decay, activity and half-live, effective half-life. Radionuclide production, generator, cyclotron. Nuclear imaging devices (gamma camera, SPECT, PET) - principles and clinical use. Reconstruction methods, attenuation correction. Coincidence detection in PET.